Antarctic ecosystems are unique environments characterized by extreme cold and ice. The region is primarily composed of the Antarctic continent and surrounding oceans, which support a variety of life forms adapted to harsh conditions. Key species include penguins, seals, and various types of krill, which play crucial roles in the food web. The marine ecosystem is particularly rich, with nutrient upwelling supporting diverse communities. Ice-covered areas provide breeding grounds for many animals, while the surrounding waters are home to a range of fish and invertebrates. These ecosystems are sensitive to climate change, which poses threats to their delicate balance.