The Angolan Independence Movement emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to Portuguese colonial rule. Various groups, including the MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola), FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola), and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), sought to end colonialism and establish an independent nation. After years of struggle, Angola gained independence on November 11, 1975, following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal. However, the transition led to a civil war among the competing factions, which lasted until 2002, significantly impacting the country's development and stability.