Ancient India refers to the period of Indian history from the Indus Valley Civilization, around 2500 BCE, to the end of the Gupta Empire, around 550 CE. This era saw the development of major cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, known for their advanced urban planning and drainage systems. The region was also home to significant religious and philosophical movements, including the origins of Hinduism and Buddhism. The Maurya and Gupta Empires were prominent during this time, contributing to political unity and cultural achievements. Notable figures include Ashoka, who promoted Buddhism, and Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya Empire. Ancient India made lasting contributions in mathematics, astronomy, and literature, influencing future generations.