Ancient Europe refers to the period of European history before the Middle Ages, roughly from the emergence of the first civilizations around 3000 BCE to the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 CE. This era saw the rise of significant cultures, including the Greeks and Romans, who made lasting contributions to art, philosophy, and governance. During this time, various tribes and societies, such as the Celts and Germanic peoples, inhabited the continent. Trade routes connected different regions, facilitating cultural exchange. The spread of Christianity began in the later stages of Ancient Europe, shaping the continent's future religious landscape.