Amir Habibullah Khan was the ruler of Afghanistan from 1901 until his assassination in 1919. He was the son of Amir Abdur Rahman Khan and succeeded his father to the throne. His reign was marked by efforts to modernize the country, including reforms in education and infrastructure. During his rule, Amir Habibullah Khan maintained a delicate balance between British India and Russia, navigating the geopolitical tensions of the time. He sought to strengthen Afghanistan's independence while also engaging in diplomatic relations with neighboring countries. His assassination led to a power struggle and significant changes in Afghan politics.