"Al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya," written by Al-Mawardi in the 11th century, is a foundational text in Islamic political theory. It outlines the principles of governance and the responsibilities of rulers in an Islamic state, emphasizing the importance of justice, consultation, and the welfare of the community. The book discusses various forms of leadership, including the Caliphate and the role of Sharia in governance. It serves as a guide for Muslim rulers, detailing how to implement laws and maintain order while ensuring that the rights of citizens are upheld within an Islamic framework.