Agricultural societies are communities that primarily rely on farming and cultivation of crops for their livelihood. These societies emerged around 10,000 years ago when humans transitioned from hunting and gathering to settled farming. This shift allowed for the development of permanent settlements and the growth of populations. In agricultural societies, people often engage in the domestication of plants and animals, which leads to increased food production. This surplus enables trade and the establishment of social structures, including villages, towns, and cities. Key innovations, such as the plow and irrigation systems, further enhance agricultural efficiency and productivity.