Ad fraud refers to deceptive practices that manipulate online advertising systems to generate false impressions or clicks. This can involve automated bots that mimic human behavior, leading advertisers to believe their ads are being viewed by real users. As a result, companies waste money on ineffective advertising campaigns. There are various types of ad fraud, including click fraud, where bots or individuals repeatedly click on ads to inflate costs, and impression fraud, which involves generating fake views. These fraudulent activities undermine the integrity of digital marketing and can significantly impact businesses' return on investment.