Access methods refer to the techniques used to retrieve or manipulate data stored in a database or file system. Common access methods include sequential access, where data is read in a specific order, and random access, which allows data to be accessed directly without following a sequence. These methods are essential for efficient data management and retrieval. Different access methods can impact performance and speed. For example, indexing is a technique that improves the speed of data retrieval by creating a data structure that allows quick lookups. Understanding access methods helps in optimizing database queries and enhancing overall system efficiency.