Access controls are essential security measures that determine who can view or use resources in a computing environment. They help protect sensitive information by ensuring that only authorized users have access to specific data or systems, thereby reducing the risk of data breaches and unauthorized access. There are various types of access controls, including discretionary access control (DAC), mandatory access control (MAC), and role-based access control (RBAC). Each type has its own method of granting permissions, allowing organizations to tailor their security measures to meet specific needs and compliance requirements.