In 2500 BC, human civilization was advancing rapidly, particularly in regions like Mesopotamia and Egypt. The invention of writing, such as cuneiform in Sumer, allowed for record-keeping and communication. This period saw the construction of monumental structures, including the early pyramids in Egypt, which served as tombs for pharaohs. Agriculture was well-established, with communities relying on crops like wheat and barley. Trade networks began to form, connecting different cultures and facilitating the exchange of goods. Societies were organized into complex hierarchies, with leaders and religious figures playing significant roles in daily life.