In the 19th century, footwear varied significantly between social classes and occasions. Common styles included boots, shoes, and slippers, often made from leather or fabric. Working-class individuals typically wore sturdy, practical footwear, while the wealthy opted for more decorative options, sometimes adorned with buckles or laces. By the mid-century, the introduction of the sewing machine revolutionized shoe production, allowing for mass manufacturing. This led to more standardized sizes and styles, making shoes more accessible. Notable trends included the rise of the Oxford shoe and the popularity of high-top boots for both men and women, reflecting changing fashion and social norms.