In the 18th century, Russia underwent significant transformation under the rule of leaders like Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Peter modernized the military and government, while Catherine expanded the empire and promoted the arts and education. This period marked Russia's emergence as a major European power. The economy was primarily agrarian, relying on serfdom, which bound peasants to the land. The social structure was rigid, with a small elite class and a large population of serfs. Cultural influences from Western Europe began to shape Russian society, leading to a blend of traditional and modern practices.