In the 17th century, France experienced significant political and cultural changes. The reign of Louis XIV, known as the Sun King, began in 1643 and marked the height of absolute monarchy. This period saw the centralization of power in the monarchy and the establishment of Versailles as a symbol of royal authority. Culturally, the 17th century was a golden age for French literature and art. Writers like Molière and Racine flourished, producing influential plays that are still performed today. The era also saw advancements in philosophy, with thinkers like Descartes shaping modern thought and contributing to the Enlightenment.