In 178 AD, the Roman Empire was under the rule of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, who is known for his philosophical writings and efforts to maintain stability in the empire. This year marked a period of relative peace, although challenges such as military conflicts on the frontiers persisted. During this time, the Antonine Plague was affecting the population, leading to significant social and economic changes. The plague, which began in the 160s, contributed to a decline in the workforce and strained resources, impacting the empire's ability to manage its vast territories effectively.