The 16th century in Europe was a time of significant change and development. It was marked by the Renaissance, a cultural movement that emphasized art, science, and humanism. This period saw the rise of famous artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who created iconic works that are still celebrated today. Additionally, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the mid-15th century revolutionized the spread of information, making books more accessible. This century also experienced major religious transformations, particularly with the Protestant Reformation. Figures like Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. Political changes were significant as well, with the rise of powerful monarchies and the exploration of new territories, which expanded European influence globally.