The 16th century, spanning from 1501 to 1600, was a period marked by significant changes in Europe and beyond. It was characterized by the Renaissance, a cultural movement that emphasized art, science, and humanism. This era also saw the rise of powerful monarchies and the beginning of the Age of Exploration, as explorers like Christopher Columbus and Ferdinand Magellan sought new trade routes and territories. Religious transformations were prominent during the 16th century, particularly with the Protestant Reformation, initiated by figures like Martin Luther. This movement challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. The century also witnessed advancements in technology, including the invention of the printing press, which facilitated the spread of ideas and knowledge.