شاه جاهان (Shah Jahan) was the fifth Mughal emperor, ruling from 1628 to 1658. He is best known for commissioning the construction of the تاج محل (Taj Mahal), a magnificent mausoleum built in memory of his beloved wife, ممتاز محل (Mumtaz Mahal). His reign is often regarded as the golden age of Mughal architecture, marked by the development of stunning buildings and gardens. Under شاه جاهان's rule, the Mughal Empire reached its zenith in terms of territorial expansion and cultural achievements. He was a patron of the arts and encouraged the flourishing of literature, music, and painting. However, his later years were marred by conflict with his son, اورنگزیب (Aurangzeb), which ultimately led to his imprisonment and decline.