Transistors are tiny electronic devices that act as switches or amplifiers for electrical signals. They are made from semiconductor materials, typically silicon, and can control the flow of electricity in circuits. Transistors are fundamental components in modern electronics, enabling the operation of everything from computers to smartphones. Invented in 1947, transistors replaced larger vacuum tubes, making devices smaller, more efficient, and more reliable. They are essential for digital technology, forming the building blocks of integrated circuits and microprocessors. As a result, transistors have played a crucial role in the advancement of technology and the digital age.