Neanderthals were a species of early humans that lived in Europe and parts of Asia around 400,000 to 40,000 years ago. They are known for their robust build, large skulls, and distinctive brow ridges. Neanderthals used tools, controlled fire, and hunted large animals, showing advanced survival skills for their time. Recent studies suggest that Neanderthals may have had complex social structures and possibly even engaged in symbolic practices, such as burying their dead. Genetic research indicates that they interbred with Homo sapiens, contributing to the DNA of modern humans, particularly those of European and Asian descent.