ジャン＝ポール・サルトル was a French philosopher, playwright, and novelist, born on June 21, 1905, and died on April 15, 1980. He is best known for his contributions to existentialism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes individual freedom and choice. His most famous works include the novel 嘔吐 (Nausea) and the play 出口なし (No Exit). In addition to his literary achievements, サルトル was also a political activist, advocating for various social causes throughout his life. He was awarded the ノーベル文学賞 (Nobel Prize in Literature) in 1964 but famously declined it, stating that a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution.