The equation "x = a" represents a simple mathematical statement where the variable x is equal to the value a. This means that whatever value a holds, x will also hold that same value. For example, if a is 5, then x is also 5. This concept is fundamental in algebra and helps in solving equations. In programming, "x = a" can also signify an assignment operation, where the value of a is assigned to the variable x. After this operation, x will contain the same data as a. This is commonly used in various programming languages to store and manipulate data efficiently.