Tunnel excavation is the process of digging a tunnel through soil or rock to create a passageway. This technique is commonly used for transportation systems, such as subways and highways, as well as for water and sewer lines. Various methods, including drilling and blasting, are employed depending on the ground conditions and the tunnel's purpose. During tunnel excavation, safety measures are crucial to protect workers and the surrounding environment. Engineers assess geological conditions and design support systems to prevent collapses. The excavated material is often removed using conveyor belts or trucks to keep the site organized and efficient.