Treatment groups are specific sets of participants in a research study who receive a particular intervention or treatment. These groups are essential for comparing the effects of the treatment against a control group, which does not receive the intervention. This helps researchers understand the effectiveness of the treatment being tested. In clinical trials, treatment groups may receive different doses of a medication, a placebo, or alternative therapies. By analyzing the outcomes from these groups, researchers can determine how well the treatment works and identify any potential side effects. This process is crucial for developing safe and effective medical interventions.