Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are specialized materials applied to surfaces to protect them from high temperatures. They are commonly used in industries like aerospace and power generation, particularly on components such as gas turbines and jet engines. TBCs help improve efficiency by insulating the underlying material, allowing it to operate at higher temperatures without damage. These coatings are typically made from ceramic materials, which have low thermal conductivity. By creating a barrier between the hot gases and the metal substrate, TBCs reduce heat transfer, prolonging the life of critical components and enhancing overall performance in extreme environments.