Surface drainage refers to the process of managing excess water on the ground's surface to prevent flooding and erosion. This is often achieved through the use of ditches, channels, and other structures that direct water away from areas where it can cause damage. Effective surface drainage helps maintain soil health and supports agricultural practices by ensuring that crops receive the right amount of water. In urban areas, surface drainage systems are crucial for managing stormwater runoff. These systems can include storm drains, culverts, and retention basins that collect and redirect rainwater. Proper surface drainage design helps protect infrastructure and reduces the risk of water pollution by filtering contaminants before they reach natural water bodies.