Statistical inference is a process used to draw conclusions about a larger population based on a sample of data. By analyzing this sample, researchers can estimate population parameters, such as means or proportions, and assess the reliability of these estimates through measures like confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. This method allows statisticians to make predictions and decisions without needing to collect data from every individual in the population. It is widely used in various fields, including medicine, social sciences, and business, to inform policy, improve products, and understand trends.