Special keys are specific keys on a computer keyboard that perform unique functions beyond standard typing. Common examples include the Shift key, which allows users to type capital letters and access alternate characters, and the Ctrl key, which is often used in combination with other keys to execute commands like copying or pasting. Other special keys include the Function keys (F1 to F12), which can perform various tasks depending on the software being used, and the Escape key, which typically cancels actions or closes menus. These keys enhance user efficiency and provide shortcuts for common operations.