Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is a process used to create solid materials from powders. It involves applying a pulsed electric current and pressure to the powder, which causes it to heat up rapidly and densify. This method allows for the production of materials with unique properties, such as improved strength and reduced porosity. The SPS technique is particularly useful for fabricating advanced ceramics and metal composites. By controlling the temperature and pressure, manufacturers can achieve desired microstructures and enhance the performance of the final product. This makes SPS a valuable tool in industries like aerospace, automotive, and electronics.