Spacecraft design involves creating vehicles that can travel beyond Earth's atmosphere. This process includes selecting materials that can withstand extreme temperatures and pressures, as well as ensuring the spacecraft can support life or carry instruments for scientific research. Engineers must also consider propulsion systems, navigation, and communication technologies to ensure successful missions. Additionally, spacecraft design requires careful planning of the spacecraft's structure and systems. This includes designing the payload area for instruments or crew, as well as the power systems, such as solar panels or batteries. Testing and simulations are crucial to identify potential issues before launch, ensuring the spacecraft can operate effectively in the harsh environment of space.