Salt-and-pepper noise is a type of visual distortion commonly found in digital images. It appears as randomly scattered white and black pixels, resembling grains of salt and pepper. This noise can occur due to various factors, such as transmission errors, sensor malfunctions, or environmental conditions during image capture. To reduce salt-and-pepper noise, various filtering techniques can be applied. Common methods include median filtering, which replaces each pixel's value with the median of its neighboring pixels, effectively smoothing out the noise while preserving important image details.