Routing protocols are essential rules and procedures that determine how data packets travel across a network. They help routers communicate with each other to find the best paths for sending information. Common examples of routing protocols include RIP, OSPF, and BGP, each designed for different types of networks and requirements. These protocols can be classified into two main categories: interior gateway protocols (IGPs), which operate within a single network, and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs), which manage routing between different networks. By efficiently directing traffic, routing protocols ensure that data reaches its destination quickly and reliably.