Protocols are established rules and guidelines that dictate how data is transmitted and received over networks. They ensure that devices, such as computers and smartphones, can communicate effectively, regardless of their manufacturer or operating system. Common examples of protocols include HTTP for web browsing and TCP/IP for internet communication. In addition to technical contexts, protocols can also refer to formal procedures in various fields, such as diplomacy or healthcare. For instance, a medical protocol outlines the steps to be followed for patient treatment, ensuring consistency and safety in medical practices.