Proto-oncogenes are normal genes that play a crucial role in cell growth and division. They help regulate various cellular functions, including the cell cycle and apoptosis (programmed cell death). When functioning properly, proto-oncogenes contribute to healthy cell development and maintenance. However, mutations or changes in these genes can convert them into oncogenes, which can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and cancer. This transformation can occur due to various factors, such as environmental influences or inherited genetic predispositions. Understanding proto-oncogenes is essential for cancer research and developing targeted therapies.