Protein phosphatases are enzymes that remove phosphate groups from proteins, a process known as dephosphorylation. This action is crucial for regulating various cellular functions, including cell growth, division, and metabolism. By reversing the effects of protein kinases, which add phosphate groups, phosphatases help maintain the balance of phosphorylation in cells. These enzymes play a vital role in signaling pathways, influencing how cells respond to external stimuli. Different types of protein phosphatases target specific proteins, ensuring precise control over cellular activities. Dysregulation of phosphatase activity can lead to various diseases, including cancer and diabetes.