Protein palmitoylation is a post-translational modification where a fatty acid called palmitate is attached to specific proteins. This process typically occurs on cysteine residues and helps regulate protein function, localization, and stability within the cell. By adding a hydrophobic tail, palmitoylation can influence how proteins interact with membranes and other cellular components. This modification plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including signal transduction, cell signaling, and membrane dynamics. Dysregulation of palmitoylation has been linked to several diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, highlighting its importance in maintaining cellular health and function.