Population genetics is the study of how genetic variation occurs within populations and how these variations change over time. It examines the distribution of alleles, which are different forms of a gene, and how factors like natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow influence the genetic makeup of a population. This field combines principles from genetics, evolution, and ecology to understand the genetic structure of populations. By analyzing allele frequencies and genetic diversity, researchers can gain insights into evolutionary processes, the effects of environmental changes, and the conservation of species.