Petroleum is a naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface, primarily composed of hydrocarbons. It is a vital energy resource used for fuel, heating, and the production of various chemicals. The extraction and refinement of petroleum have significant economic implications worldwide. The process of refining petroleum transforms crude oil into usable products such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Additionally, petroleum derivatives are essential in manufacturing plastics, fertilizers, and pharmaceuticals, making it a cornerstone of modern industry and daily life.