Pancreatic beta cells are specialized cells located in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas. Their primary function is to produce and secrete insulin, a hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels. When blood sugar rises after eating, beta cells release insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells throughout the body. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining metabolic balance. Dysfunction or destruction of pancreatic beta cells can lead to conditions such as type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, where the body either does not produce enough insulin or cannot effectively use it, resulting in elevated blood sugar levels.