pH sensors are devices used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. They work by detecting the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution, which determines its pH level. A pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidity, 7 being neutral, and above 7 indicating alkalinity. These sensors are commonly used in various fields, including agriculture, water quality monitoring, and laboratory research. The main components of a pH sensor include a glass electrode and a reference electrode. The glass electrode is sensitive to hydrogen ions, while the reference electrode provides a stable voltage for accurate measurements. pH sensors can be found in handheld devices or integrated into larger systems, such as those used in aquaculture or industrial processes.