Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the central nervous system, particularly the optic nerves and spinal cord. It is characterized by inflammation and damage to these areas, leading to symptoms such as vision loss, weakness, and paralysis. NMO is often confused with multiple sclerosis, but it has distinct features and requires different treatment approaches. The condition is associated with the presence of specific antibodies, particularly aquaporin-4 antibodies, which target water channels in the brain and spinal cord. Diagnosis typically involves clinical evaluation, MRI scans, and laboratory tests. Early treatment is crucial to manage symptoms and prevent further damage.