Myelination is the process by which a fatty substance called myelin forms a protective sheath around the axons of neurons. This sheath helps to insulate the axons, allowing electrical signals to travel more quickly and efficiently between nerve cells. Myelination is crucial for proper nervous system function and plays a significant role in the speed of communication within the brain and throughout the body. The process of myelination begins during fetal development and continues into early adulthood. Oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system are responsible for producing myelin. Proper myelination is essential for cognitive functions, motor skills, and overall neurological health.