The most probable number (MPN) method is a statistical technique used to estimate the concentration of viable microorganisms in a sample. It involves diluting the sample and inoculating multiple tubes or wells with these dilutions. After incubation, the presence or absence of growth in each tube is recorded, allowing for the calculation of the most probable number of organisms present. This method is particularly useful for detecting bacteria in water, food, and clinical samples. It is favored for its simplicity and effectiveness, especially when dealing with low concentrations of microorganisms, where traditional plating methods may not be as reliable.