A moduli space is a mathematical structure that classifies objects of a certain type, allowing us to study their properties systematically. For example, in algebraic geometry, moduli spaces can represent different shapes of curves or surfaces, where each point in the space corresponds to a specific object, such as a curve or a surface. These spaces help mathematicians understand how objects vary and relate to each other. By organizing these objects into a space, researchers can analyze their geometric and topological features, leading to insights in areas like string theory and representation theory.