Medieval technology refers to the tools and innovations developed during the Middle Ages, roughly from the 5th to the late 15th century. Key advancements included the plow, which improved agricultural efficiency, and the windmill, which harnessed wind power for grinding grain. The use of watermills also became widespread, allowing for more efficient production processes. In addition to agricultural tools, medieval technology saw the development of fortifications like castles, which provided protection and defense. The invention of the printing press in the late medieval period revolutionized the spread of information, making books more accessible and promoting literacy across Europe.