The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, located between the lungs. It contains vital structures such as the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels like the aorta and superior vena cava. The mediastinum is divided into several regions, including the anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum, each housing different organs and tissues. This area plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting these structures while allowing for the necessary movement during breathing. The mediastinum also serves as a pathway for nerves and lymphatic vessels, contributing to the overall function of the thoracic cavity.