Mathematical symbols are special characters used to represent numbers, operations, relationships, and functions in mathematics. Common symbols include + for addition, − for subtraction, × for multiplication, and ÷ for division. These symbols help simplify complex ideas and make calculations easier to understand and communicate. In addition to basic operations, there are symbols for more advanced concepts, such as =, which indicates equality, and ≠, which shows inequality. Other symbols, like π for the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, are used to represent specific mathematical constants or functions, enhancing clarity in mathematical expressions.