The math module is a built-in library in the Python programming language that provides a variety of mathematical functions and constants. It includes operations for trigonometry, logarithms, and other advanced calculations, making it easier for programmers to perform complex math tasks without needing to write their own functions. In addition to functions, the math module also offers important constants like pi and e, which are essential in many mathematical calculations. By using this module, developers can enhance their applications with reliable and efficient mathematical capabilities, streamlining their coding process.