Logical errors, also known as fallacies, occur when reasoning is flawed, leading to incorrect conclusions. These errors can arise from faulty assumptions, misinterpretations, or irrelevant information. For example, the straw man fallacy misrepresents an opponent's argument to make it easier to attack, rather than addressing the actual point. Another common logical error is the appeal to authority, where someone argues that a claim is true simply because an authority figure endorses it, without providing substantial evidence. Recognizing these errors is essential for critical thinking and effective communication, as they can undermine the validity of arguments and discussions.