The Incas were a powerful civilization that thrived in the Andean region of South America from the early 15th century until the Spanish conquest in the 16th century. They established a vast empire, known as Tawantinsuyu, which stretched from modern-day Colombia to Chile. The Incas are known for their advanced agricultural techniques, impressive stone architecture, and extensive road systems. The Incas spoke the Quechua language and had a rich culture that included intricate textiles and pottery. Their society was organized into a hierarchical structure, with the Sapa Inca as the emperor. The Incas practiced a form of state-controlled economy, where resources were distributed according to need.